7.3.3 Human structure

7.3.3.1 General

A human is a bipedal being that can be represented by an object in 3D geometry.

The human 3D geometry is generically structured into the node structure and skeleton (also often called armature) defined in the Model structure. The structure starts with a Root node as a parent group for all other nodes in the structure. Splitting the object into different parts, such as clothing, hair, and accessories, enables animation and exchange of parts. If equipment or accessories are very specific for a human, rather small and not self-contained or animated, they can be part of the human asset itself. For example: Backpacks, sunglasses and jewelry can be part of the human asset. Bycicles, scooter and skateboards are separate objects and not part of the human asset. Not all nodes have to be present in every human 3D model. Custom object parts may be added to facilitate and better visualize additional use cases, but all custom parts shall adhere to the specified structure principle.

In the coordinate system for human 3D geometry, the x-axis points forwards, the y-axis points sidewards, and the z-axis points upwards. The default pose is the A-pose. The naming convention makes it possible to mirror one side of the skeleton to the other. The bones follow a specific bone orientation: The y-axis of a bone always follows the bone direction, regardless of whether it points sidewards, upwards, or forwards. The x-axis usually faces forwards accordingly.

Bones with a local transform are indicated in the structure by a (T). This is only an indicator in the documentation and must not be contained in the actual node name.

7.3.3.2 Model structure

7.3.3.2.1 Structure overview

Diagram

7.3.3.2.2 Grp_Root

This group is used as a parent for all following nodes. It can be used to place the whole asset and select the complete node hierarchy at once. The transformation is set to 0 for all axes.

Table 55. Grp_Root
Grp_Root

Origin

Center of the bounding box on the ground

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing sidewards

z-axis

Pointing upwards

7.3.3.2.3 Armature_<Name>

This object or group represents the armature (skeleton) of the object and contains all bones. It is needed to ensure that the bone hierarchy can be exported and imported correctly. Depending on the 3D software, the armature is a separate object type (for example in Blender) or represented by a group (for example in Maya). The postfix "_<Name>" is optional, but is recommended to use, if you prepare multiple human assets in one file of an 3D application to keep the names unique and within the naming convention.

Table 56. Armature
Armature

Origin

Center of the bounding box on the ground

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing sidewards

z-axis

Pointing upwards

7.3.3.2.4 Accessories_<Name>

This object represents an additional or exchangeable accessory of the human.

Table 57. Accessories
Accessories

Origin

Center of the bounding box on the ground

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing sidewards

z-axis

Pointing upwards

7.3.3.2.5 Body_<Name>

This object represents the body of the human.

Table 58. Body
Body

Origin

Center of the bounding box on the ground

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing sidewards

z-axis

Pointing upwards

7.3.3.2.6 Clothing_<Name>

This object represents an additional or exchangeable clothing part of the human.

Table 59. Clothing
Clothing

Origin

Center of the bounding box on the ground

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing sidewards

z-axis

Pointing upwards

7.3.3.2.7 Hair_<Name>

This object represents an additional or exchangeable hair part of the human.

Table 60. Hair
Hair

Origin

Center of the bounding box on the ground

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing sidewards

z-axis

Pointing upwards

7.3.3.2.8 Root

The Root bone is the parent bone for all other bones. It can be used to control the whole skeleton.

Table 61. Root bone
Root

Origin

World coordinate system

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing upwards

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.9 Hip (T)

The Hip bone represents the lowest parts and bones of the spine, that is, the Hip, Coccyx and Sacrum spine bones of the human skeleton.

Table 62. Hip bone
Hip

Origin

At the height of the Coccyx bone and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.10 Lower_Spine (T)

The Lower_Spine bone represents the middle parts und bones of the spine, that is, the Lumbar spine bones of the human skeleton.

Table 63. Lower_Spine bone
Lower_Spine

Origin

At the height of the first Lumbar spine bone and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.11 Upper_Spine (T)

The Upper_Spine bone represents the upper parts und bones of the spine, that is, the Thoracic spine bones of the human skeleton.

Table 64. Upper_Spine bone
Upper_Spine

Origin

At the height of the lowest Thoracic spine bone and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.12 Neck (T)

The Neck bone represents the most upper parts und bones of the spine, that is, the Cervical spine bones of the human skeleton.

Table 65. Neck bone
Neck

Origin

At the height of the lowest Cervical spine bone and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.13 Head (T)

The Head bone represents the head, that is, the skull of the human skeleton.

Table 66. Head bone
Head

Origin

At the height of the first Cervical spine bone and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.14 Eye_Left (T)

The Eye_Left bone represents the left eye of the human body. It is used to calculate the eye level.

Table 67. Eye_Left bone
Eye_Left

Origin

At the middle of the (eyeball) geometry

x-axis

Pointing upwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.15 Eye_Right (T)

The Eye_Right bone represents the right eye of the human body. It is used to calculate the eye level.

Table 68. Eye_Right bone
Eye_Right

Origin

At the middle of the (eyeball) geometry

x-axis

Pointing upwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.16 Shoulder_Left (T)

The Shoulder_Left bone represents the upper part of the left shoulder, that is, the interaction between the clavicle bone and the humerus head of the human skeleton.

Table 69. Shoulder_Left bone
Shoulder_Left

Origin

At the height of the clavicle bone and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.17 Upper_Arm_Left (T)

The Upper_Arm_Left bone represents the upper part of the left arm, that is, the humerus head of the human skeleton.

Table 70. Upper_Arm_Left bone
Upper_Arm_Left

Origin

At the height of the humerus head and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.18 Lower_Arm_Left (T)

The Lower_Arm_Left bone represents the lower part of the left arm, that is, the left elbow and Radius and Ulna of the human skeleton.

Table 71. Lower_Arm_Left bone
Lower_Arm_Left

Origin

At the height of the elbow and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.19 Hand_Left (T)

The Hand_Left bone represents the left hand, that is, the left carpal bones of the human skeleton.

Table 72. Hand_Left bone
Hand_Left

Origin

At the height of the beginning carpal bones and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.20 Full_Thumb_Left (T)

The Full_Thumb_Left bone represents the thumb of the left hand, that is, the full thumb of the human skeleton.

Table 73. Full_Thumb_Left bone
Full_Thumb_Left

Origin

At the height of the beginning carpal bones and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.21 Full_Fingers_Left (T)

The Full_Fingers_Left bone represents all other fingers of the left hand, that is, the full index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinkie finger of the human skeleton. The middle finger position and length are used to place the bone correctly.

Table 74. Full_Fingers_Left bone
Full_Fingers_Left

Origin

At the height of the beginning carpal bones and in the middle of the hand geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.22 Shoulder_Right (T)

The Shoulder_Right bone represents the upper part of the right shoulder, that is, the interaction between the clavicle bone and the humerus head of the human skeleton.

Table 75. Shoulder_Right bone
Shoulder_Right

Origin

At the height of the clavicle bone and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.23 Upper_Arm_Right (T)

The Upper_Arm_Right bone represents the upper part of the right arm, that is, the humerus head of the human skeleton.

Table 76. Upper_Arm_Right bone
Upper_Arm_Right

Origin

At the height of the humerus head and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.24 Lower_Arm_Right (T)

The Lower_Arm_Right bone represents the lower part of the right arm, that is, the right elbow and Radius and Ulna of the human skeleton.

Table 77. Lower_Arm_Right bone
Lower_Arm_Right

Origin

At the height of the elbow and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.25 Hand_Right (T)

The Hand_Right bone represents the right hand, that is, the right carpal bones of the human skeleton.

Table 78. Hand_Right bone
Hand_Right

Origin

At the height of the beginning carpal bones and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.26 Full_Thumb_Right (T)

The Full_Thumb_Right bone represents the thumb of the right hand, that is, the full thumb of the human skeleton.

Table 79. Full_Thumb_Right bone
Full_Thumb_Right

Origin

At the height of the beginning carpal bones and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.27 Full_Fingers_Right (T)

The Full_Fingers_Right bone represents all other fingers of the right hand, that is, the full index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinkie finger. The middle finger position and length are used to place the bone correctly.

Table 80. Full_Fingers_Right bone
Full_Fingers_Right

Origin

At the height of the beginning carpal bones and in the middle of the hand geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

The Upper_Leg_Left bone represents the upper part of the left leg, that is, the thigh of the human skeleton. It controls the hip joint.

Table 81. Upper_Leg_Left bone
Upper_Leg_Left (T)

Origin

At the height of the hip joint and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.28 Lower_Leg_Left (T)

The Lower_Leg_Left bone represents the lower part of the left leg, that is, the Tibula and Fibula of the human skeleton. It controls the knee.

Table 82. Lower_Leg_Left bone
Lower_Leg_Left

Origin

At the height of the knee and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.29 Foot_Left (T)

The Foot_Left bone represents the left foot of the human skeleton without the toes. It controls the ankle.

Table 83. Foot_Left bone
Foot_Left

Origin

At the height of the ankle and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing upwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.30 Full_Toes_Left (T)

The Full_Toes_Left bone represents all toes of the left foot of the human skeleton.

Table 84. Full_Toes_Left bone
Full_Toes_Left

Origin

At the height of the phalanges and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing upwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.31 Upper_Leg_Right (T)

The Upper_Leg_Right bone represents the upper part of the right leg, that is, the thigh of the human skeleton. It controls the hip joint.

Table 85. Upper_Leg_Right bone
Upper_Leg_Right

Origin

At the height of the hip joint and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.32 Lower_Leg_Right (T)

The Lower_Leg_Right bone represents the lower part of the right leg, that is, the Tibula and Fibula of the human skeleton. It controls the knee.

Table 86. Lower_Leg_Right bone
Lower_Leg_Right

Origin

At the height of the knee and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing forwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.33 Foot_Right (T)

The Foot_Right bone represents the right foot of the human skeleton without the toes. It controls the ankle.

Table 87. Foot_Right bone
Foot_Right

Origin

At the height of the ankle and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing upwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

7.3.3.2.34 Full_Toes_Right (T)

The Full_Toes_Right bone in a human skeleton represents all toes of the right foot of the human skeleton.

Table 88. Full_Toes_Right bone
Full_Toes_Right

Origin

At the height of the phalanges and in the middle of the geometry

x-axis

Pointing upwards

y-axis

Pointing along the bone direction

z-axis

Pointing sidewards

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